Bricks are one of the oldest building material brick and still continues to be the most conventional and leading building material because of being economical, long-lasting and easy to manage and work with. Clay bricks are most commonly used Construction Material in Masonry Construction for building up Walls, Pavements, Partitions and other load-bearing structures. How Brick is Made?Bricks are rectangular in shape and are manufactured either by using burnt clay or blend of sand and lime or it can also be made by a mixture of Sand and Portland Cement Concrete. The conventional size of a brick can be conveniently handled with one hand. The length, breadth and height of brick are interrelated as below: Length of brick = 2 × breadth of brick + thickness of mortar Height of brick = breadth of brick According to the above calculations, a standard or modular brick size should be 19 × 9 × 9 cm. The size of brick along with mortar becomes 20 × 10 × 10 cm when arranged in masonry. What is Frog in Brick?While manufacturing a brick, an indent or depression is provided for a 9 cm high brick. That indent or cut is of 1-2 cm deep is made on a brick to hold the mortar and thus in masonry construction, brick is laid with Frog on top. Generally, the size of the frog should be 10 × 4 × 1 cm. Classification of Bricks:Bricks Classification can be done on various Considerations. They are as follows:
a) First Class Bricks: These are fully burnt and are of deep red or copper colour. When immersed in water for a day, the water absorbed should lie between 12% and 15% than that of dried brick weight. The surface should be even and rectangular. It should be sharp with straight edges & square corners. When two bricks are struck against each other, there should be a ringing or metallic sound. There should not be any lime lumps on a fractured surface of the brick and they should be free from cracks and stones with a uniform texture. Uses: They are used for pointing, exposed face work in masonry structures, flooring and reinforced brickwork. b) Second Class Bricks: Minute cracks and distortion are allowed. The water absorption is about 16–20% of the dry brick weights and all the other specifications are quite similar to the first-class bricks. Uses: These are better recommended for all important or unimportant hidden masonry works and centring of reinforced brick and reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. c) Third Class Bricks: These bricks are under burnt (not burnt fully) and are soft, light-coloured. When struck against each other produces a dull sound with water absorption of 25% of the dried brick weight. Uses: It is recommended to use for constructing temporary structures. d) Fourth Class Bricks: They are overburnt, distorted badly in shape and brittle in nature. Uses: The ballast of these bricks is used for foundation, floors in lime concrete and road metal 2. Based on Use: Bricks are classified into three different types based upon Brick Use Engineering Brick is strong, nonporous, smooth, table moulded, rocklike and conform to defined limits of absorption and strength. Due to its properties, it should be used for heavy load-bearing structures. Facing Brick is made primarily with a view, should have great colour and texture. This brick is resistant under any extreme conditions and are used in building front facing walls for a fascinating impression. Common Brick is adaptable for any brick work and made cheaply. They may vary greatly in strength and durability and are used for filling, backing and in walls where appearance has no priority. Read More
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Wood is a thick fibrous substance present beneath the bark of various parts of a tree such as trunk, branches. It can also be defined as a natural polymeric material which practically does not age. Wood is as a natural material which is eco-friendly is widely used in Domestic and Industrial areas. Even in the World of Advanced Technology, Wooden Products have a huge demand. Wood as a Building Material falls into two major classes – Natural and Man-Made. With the advances in Sciences and Technology, a natural form of wood is being replaced by Composite Wood Materials. As the Wood comes from trees, the Classification of Wood can be classified from the Tree types. Classification of Trees: Trees are classified as Endogenous and Exogenous according to the mode of growth. Endogenous Trees: These trees grow end wards E.g.: Palm, Bamboo Exogenous Trees: These trees grow outwards and make structural elements. These are again classified into Conifers and Deciduous. The Wood Classification is from this Exogenous Trees. Different Types of Wood: Generally, Wood is Classified into 3 types. They are: 1. Softwood 2. Hardwood 3. Composite/Engineered Wood 1.Softwood: The wood extracted from Conifers trees are called Softwood. Conifers are the evergreen trees having pointed leaves. They have discrete annual rings, straight fibres and are soft with pine as an exception, light in colour, resinous and lightweight. 2. Hardwood: The wood extracted from Deciduous trees are called Hardwood. Deciduous trees have flat board leaves. The annual rings are indistinct and non-resinous (generally hard), dark in colour and heavyweight. Note: Due to their long straight trunk and better quality, Softwood is predominantly used for Construction Purposes as compared to Hardwood. Read More Sand is one of the prior materials for Making Concrete. If the modular size of Fine Aggregate is less than 0.07 mm, then it is called Sand. So, it is used as a fine aggregate in mortar and concrete. Sand is nothing but a granular form of Silica. The Sand used in Construction should be quartz (silicon dioxide), light grey or whitish variety and should be free from silt. The Fineness or Particle size of the sand should be in such a way that when the sand passed through 2-mm IS sieve, it should be retained fully on 90-micron IS sieve. Classification of Sand: Sand can be classified on various basis. They are as follows: On the Basis of Mineral Composition: Depending upon the mineral composition, Sand can be classified into quartz, felspar and carbonaceous types On the Basis of Particle Size: Depending upon the Particle Size of Sand, it can be divided into three. If the Fineness Modulus (F.M) lies between 2.90 to 3.20, it is named as Coarse Sand If the Fineness Modulus (F.M) lies between 2.60 to 2.90, it is called as Medium Sand If the Fineness Modulus (F.M) lies between 2.20 to 2.60, it is defined as Fine Sand On the Basis of Source: Depending upon the Source of Sand, it can be classified into three Due to the natural disintegration of rocks or stream depositions, Natural Sand is formed. By crushing the hard stones, Crushed Sand is Obtained. By crushing the natural gravel, Crushed Gravel Sand is Produced. On the Basis of Particle Size Distribution: Particle Size Distribution is nothing but the percentage of fine sand obtained when 100% sand passed through the various micron sieves. On the basis of the particle size distribution, they are divided into four, they are Grading Zone I, II, III and IV. Sand types cannot be Categorised into a specific number as it is available in a number of forms in the Earth. A few types can be listed based upon the market availability as below: River Sand: It is clearly known from its name that it is the sand obtained from the banks of the river and river beds. This sand is found in the purest form as it is obtained from the running water and is round, fine, polished due to water friction. This Sand is used for all types of Construction works but especially recommended for Plastering works due to its naturally profound properties. Sea Sand: It is obtained from Seashores. This sand is also fine, polished and round. It cannot be used directly in Construction as it contains salt which the weakens the strength of the mortar and delays setting time of cement. If this sand is free from salts, it can be used for all civil engineering works. constructionkart.in/sand-classification-types-uses-in-construction/Pit Sand: This type of sand is extracted by digging up the earth soils. Granular size is bigger than the river sand, so it can be used for mortars
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May 2021
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